ܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܘܼܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܓܲܘ ܡܝܼܙܘܿܦܘܿܬܵܡܝܵܐ ܒܸܕܥܵܪܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܠܕܵܪܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܡܼܢ ܕܕܵܪܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܩ ݂ ܡ: ܐܲܕܝܵܒܝܼܢ (ܘܐܵܦ ܐܲܪܒܵܐܝܼܠܠܘܿ/ ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ ܕܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ): ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܢܵܬ݂ܐ ܡܼܢ ܡܲܠܟܘܼܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܒܙܲܒ݂ܢܵܐ ܕܕܝܼܟܪܵܐܢ (ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ) ܪܲܒܵܐ ݂ ܐܲܕܝܵܒܝܼܢ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܡܢܵܬܐ ܬܲܝܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܕܐܵܪܡܝܼܢܝܵܐ: ܕܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܲܫܢܲܬ݂ 301: ܗܿܘ ܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܝܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܓܲܘ ܬܲܫܥܝ݂ܬܐ ݂ ܘܲܟܒܲܪ ܚܕܵܐ ܬܦܵܩܬܐ ܒܪܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܚܕܵܪܲܝ 328 ـ 329 ܒܲܝܢܵܬ݂ ܬܪܹܝܢ ܫܲܠܝܼܛܹ̈ܐ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܠܚܘܿܕܲܝܗܝ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܗܿܘ ܙܲܒ݂ܢܵܐ: ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܵܐ ܪܗܘܿܡܵܝܵܐ ܩܸܣܛܲܢܛܝܼܢ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ: ܘܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܵܐ ܬܝܼܪܝܼܕܲܝܬ ܬܠܝܼܬܵܝܵܐ ݂ ܡܫܘܼܪܸܪܹܗ ܩܸܣܛܲܢܛܝܼܢ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܠܕܲܘܪܵܐ ܕܬܝܼܪܝܼܕܲܝܬ ܬܠܝܼܬܵܝܵܐ ܓܲܘ ܡܲܫܚܲܕܬܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ݂ ܘܗܵܕܟ݂ܵܐ ܡܫܲܘܬܘܿܦܹܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܣܲܒ݂ܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ (ܡܲܫܚܸܕܵܢܹ̈ܐ) ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܒܡܲܫܚܲܕܬܐ ܕܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ ܘܡܲܠܟܘܼܬ݂ܐ ܣܵܣܵܢܵܝܬܐ: ܐܲܝܟ݂ ܕܡܲܕܟ݂ܘܿܪܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܡܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܢܵܐ ܝܲܘܢܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܿܙܝܼܢ ܚܕܵܪܲܝ ܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ402 ݂ ” ܒܚܲܪܬ݂ܐ ܒܹܝܬ݂ ܥܲܡܡܹ̈ܐ ܫܒ݂ܵܒܹ̈ܐ: ܙܝܼܕܠܵܗ̇ ܗܲܝܡܵܢܘܼܬܐ ܒܲܚܕܵܐ ܨܘܼܪܬܐ ܪܲܒܬܐ: ܘܚܵܫܒܸܢ ܕܦܵܪ̈ܣܵܝܹܐ ܚܦܸܩܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܠܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܝܘܼܬܐ ܒܡܸܨܥܵܝܘܼܬܐ ܕܐ݇ܚܝܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܐ ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܥܲܡ ܪ̈ܗܘܿܡܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܘܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ “[1]  ݂

ܒܕܵܪܵܐ ܫܒܲܥܣܝܼܪܵܝܵܐ: ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܟܢܘܼܫܝܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܚܲܕܬܹ̈ܐ: ܫܟܸܢܘܼܢ ܒܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ݂ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ ܡܼܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܨܦܵܚܬܐ ܥܲܠ ܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ܒܝܲܕ ܫܵܐܗ ܦܵܪܣܵܝܵܐ ܥܲܒܵܐܣ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1623 ݂ ܒܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܡܼܢ ܕܵܪܵܐ ܫܒܲܥܣܝܼܪܵܝܵܐ: ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܦܵܪܣܵܝܵܐ ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܥܵܡܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܼܢ ܕܲܓ̰ܘܼܓ݂ܵܐ (ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܬܐ ܓܲܘ ܢܵܚܝܼܬܸܫܝܼܦܵܐܢ ܥܲܠ ܣܸܦܬܐ ܓܲܪܒܝܵܝܬܐ ܕܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܵܟܸܣ) ݂ ܘܗܵܕܟ݂ܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܡܘܼܬܒܹ̈ܐ (12000) ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܓܲܘ ܕܲܓ̰ܘܼܓ݂ܵܐ ܚܕܲܬܐ: ܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܕܐܲܨܦܵܗܵܢ: ܠܲܡܫܲܘܬܘܿܦܹܐ ܒܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܸܫܟ݂ܵܝܬܐ ܚܕܲܬܐ ܕܐܸܡܒܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܐ ܦܵܪܣܵܝܬܐ ܨܘܿܦܝܵܝܬܐ ݂ ܘܐܝܼܡܲܢ ܕܡܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ ܫܵܐܗ: ܚܝܹܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܓܲܘ ܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܦܵܪܹܣ ܬܚܘܿܬ݂ ܕܲܪܕܘܼܦܝܵܐ ݂ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܡܸܢܲܝܗܝ ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ ܘܲܫܟܸܢܘܼܢ ܓܲܘ ܒܲܨܪܵܐ (ܬܲܝܡܢܵܐ ܕܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ ܕܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ): ܟܲܕ ܚܙܸܩܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ܠܥܲܕ (ܠܗܲܠ) ܕܲܡܛܹܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܠܗܸܢܕܘܿ ݂

ܟܒ݂ܘܿܫܝܵܐ ܐܲܘ ܟܒ݂ܵܫܬܐ ܕܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1638 ܒܝܲܕ ܫܲܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܐ ܡܘܼܪܵܐܕ ܪܒ݂ܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ: ܒܥܘܼܕܪܵܢܵܐ ܕܦܵܠܚܹ̈ܐ (جنود) ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܡܗܘܼܕܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܲܥܡܵܪܬܵܐ ܘܲܫܟܵܢܬܐ ܚܕܲܬܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܓܲܘ ܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ݂ ܒܟܠܹܗ ܡܸܬܚܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܕܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܠܗܲܠ ܢܦܵܠܬܐ ܕܐܸܡܒܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܐ ܒܫܘܼܪܵܝ ܕܵܪܵܐ ܕܥܸܣܪܝܼܢ: ܡܛܘܼܘܸܪܘܼܢ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܫܘܼܬܐܵܣܲܝܗܝ: ܠܕܲܪܓ݂ܵܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܚܫܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܲܝܗܝ ܒܫܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܕܵܪܵܐ ܬܫܲܥܣܝܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܠـ (90000) ܢܸܫܡܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ[2] ݂

ܐܲܒܝܼܕܘܼܬܐ ܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܝܬܐ (ܩܛܵܠ ـ ܥܲܡܵܐ: الإبادة الجماعية) ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1915 ـ 1917: ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܡܲܒܘܼܥܵܐ ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܵܐ ܘܪܹܫܵܝܵܐ ܠܬܲܘܬܵܒ݂ܘܼܬܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܠܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ ܕܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ ݂ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܓܲܠܘܵܝܹ̈ܐ (ܬܲܘܬܵܒܹ̈ܐ) ܕܡܼܢ ܗܹܘܦܲܪ̈ܟܝܼܹܐ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܸܡܒܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܐ ܡܼܢ ܓܲܪܒܝܵܐ (ܕܝܵܪܒܲܟܲܪ): ܥܲܠ ܝܘܼܪܟ݂ܵܐ ܕܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܕܸܩܠܲܬ: ܘܥܲܠ ܡܲܥܪܒ݂ܵܐ ܕ (ܪܹܫ ܥܲܝܢܵܐ) ܥܲܠ ܝܘܼܪܟ݂ܵܐ ܕܣܸܟܬܐ ܦܲܪܙܠܵܝܬܐ ܡܼܢ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ (ܚܲܠܲܒ) ܠܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ݂ ܘܐܵܦ ܡܼܢ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ (ܘܵܐܢ) ܓܵܘܵܐ ܓܵܘܵܐ ܕܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܦܵܪܹܣ: ܡܛܹܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܐܵܪ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܘܼܥܪܸ̈ܩܹܐ ܠܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܦܸܢܝܵܬ݂ܐ ܐܲܝܟ݂ ܙܵܟ݂ܘܿ: ܘܐܲܦܪܝܼܣܸܟ: ܘܐܲܦܙܲܪܘܿܓ݂: ܘܐܵܦ ܠܡܲܘܨܸܠ ܘܟܲܪܟܘܼܟ ݂ ܘܲܒܗܵܢܵܐ ܨܹܝܕ: ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܬܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܕܟ݂ܵܪܬܐ ܕܲܚܕܵܐ ܚܲܠܲܩܬܐ ܡܲܪܝܼܪܬܐ ܘܐܘܼܠܨܵܢܵܝܬܐ: ܒܟܵܢܘܿܢ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ1916: ܘܓܲܘ ܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܠܲܝ̈ܠܵܘܵܬ݂ܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ: ܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܩܛܝܼܠܹ̈ܐ (15000) ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܘܼܥܪ̈ܩܹܐ ܠܡܲܘܨܸܠ ܘܦܸܢ̈ܝܵܬ݂ܐ ܕܒܲܫܒ݂ܵܒ݂ܘܼܬ݂ܵܗ̇ (ܚܵܕܹܪܘܵܢܵܗ̇): ܘܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܐܣܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܟܠ ܥܸܣܪܵܐ ܦܲܪ̈ܨܘܿܦܹܐ ܡܸܚܕܵܕܹ̈ܐ: ܘܲܡܪ̈ܘܼܦܝܹܐ ܓܲܘ ܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܕܸܩܠܲܬ ݂ ܘܐܵܦ ܚܫܝܼܚܬܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܠܡܲܕܟ݂ܘܿܪܹܐ: ܕܲܩܕܵܡ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܓܘܼܢܚܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܡ (10) ܒܝܲܪܚܵܐ ܕܲܚܙܝܼܪܵܢ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ1915: ܡܫܘܼܕܸܪܹܗ ܩܲܢܨܠܵܐ (القنصل)ܐܲܠܡܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܓܲܘ ܡܲܘܨܸܠ (ܗܘܿܠܸܫܬܵܝܸܢ) ܠܐܝܼܙܓܲܕܵܐ ܕܐܲܬ݂ܪܹܗ ܒܲܪܩܝܼܬܐ (برقية) ܕܒܐܝܼܬܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇:” 614 ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ (ܓܲܒ݂ܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܢܸܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܫܲܒ݂ܪܹ̈ܐ) ܕܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܛܪ̈ܝܼܕܹܐ ܡܼܢ ܕܝܼܵܪܒܲܟܲܪ: ܘܡܘܼܥܪܸ̈ܩܹܐ ܒܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܠܡܲܘܨܸܠ: ܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܩܛܝܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ: ܟܲܕ ܦܝܵܫܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܢܩܝܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܒܛܵܝܘܿܦܹ̈ܐ (طوافات) ܓܲܘ ܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܕܸܩܠܲܬ ݂ ܒܐܸܬܡܵܠܝ: ܛܵܝܘܿܦܹ̈ܐ ܡܛܹܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܣܦܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ: ܘܡܼܢ ܩܕܵܡ ܝܲܘܡܵܢܹ̈ܐ: ܛܥܝܼܢܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܕܕܸܩܠܲܬ: ܫܠܲܕܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܕܪ̈ܵܥܹܐ ܐ݇ܢܵܫܵܝܹ̈ܐ”[3] ݂

ܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܿܓ݂ܐܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܕܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ ܝܼܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܼܢ ܦܸܨܝܹ̈ܐ (ܦܪ̈ܝܼܩܹܐ: من الناجين) ܡܼܢ ܦܲܪ̈ܡܵܢܹ̈ܐ (ܦܘܼܣܩܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܘܼܫܡܵܝܹܐ ܡܼܢ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܐ) ܕܲܩܛܵܠ ـ ܥܲܡܵܐ ܕܣܲܝܦܘܿ ܕܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1915 ݂ ܘܦܝܼܫܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܘܼܢܫܝܼܹܐ ܡܼܢ ܓܹܒܵܐ ܦܘܿܠܝܼܛܝܼܩܵܝܵܐ: ܐܸܠܵܐ ܝܼܕܝܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܚܘܼܒܲܝܗܝ ܩܵܐ ܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ: ܘܲܒܚܘܼܒܲܝܗܝ ܠܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܕܐܲܝܟܲܢܵܝܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܬܐ ܘܲܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܝܬܐ ܘܬܲܘܕܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܬܐ ݂

ܘܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܒܣܘܿܓ݂ܐܲܝܗܝ: ܝܼܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܼܢ ܗܲܕܵܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܝܬܐ (ܕܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܚܕܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܫܪܝܼܬܐ: ܡܼܢ ܡܲܘܠܵܕܵܗ̇ ܐܲܘ ܫܘܼܬܐܵܣܵܗ̇ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 301): ܘܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܦ ܚܲܕ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܡܸܢܲܝܗܝ ܕܢܲܩܝܼܦܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܥܹܕܬܐ ܩܵܬ݂ܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܬܐ[4]: ܘܒܵܨܘܿܪܵܐ ܡܼܢ ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܹܘܲܢܓܲܠܵܝܬܐ ݂

ܡܼܢ ܒܲܬܵܪ ܡܲܢܦܲܠܬܐ ܕܛܲܟܣܵܐ ܕܨܲܕܵܐܡ ܚܘܼܣܲܝܢ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 2003: ܣܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܩܵܐܹܡ ܕܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܠܚܲܕ ܕܲܪܓ݂ܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ: ܘܐܵܦ ܣܝܼ̈ܥܵܬ݂ܐ ܐܸܣܠܵܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܵܦܝܵܐ ܕܲܗܘܹܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܕܲܠܩܘܼܒ݂ܠ ܕܲܡܫܝܼܚܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܗܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܢܝܼܫܲܝܗܝ ܐܵܦ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܘܥܹܕܵܬܲܝܗܝ ݂ ܒܝܘܿܡ 1 ܒܐܵܒ 2004: ܨܦܸܚܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܒܡܲܦ̈ܩܵܥܵܬ݂ܐ ܥܲܠ ܟܵܬܸܕܪܵܐܝܼܐ ܩܵܬ݂ܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ (ܣܲܝܕܵܐ ܐܲܠܘܲܪܕܝܼܵܐ) ܓܲܘ ܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܐ ܒܡܲܫܪܝܼܬܐ ܕ (ܐܲܠܟܲܪܵܕܵܐ) ݂ ܘܚܲܪܬܐ ܨܦܸܚܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܐܵܦ ܥܲܠ ܚܕܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܐ݇ܚܹܪ݇ܬܐ ܓܲܘ ܡܲܘܨܸܠ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܛܲܘܪܵܐ ܕܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܡ 4 ܒܟܵܢܘܿܢ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ 2004 ݂ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܒܵܐ ܕܥܸܣܪܝܼܢ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ: ܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܡܲܦܠܲܛܬܐ ܘܲܥܪܵܩܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܼܢ ܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ ܟܪ̈ܝܼܟ݂ܐ ܒܥܸܢܦܵܐ ܘܲܛܠܘܼܡܝܵܐ ݂ ܡܼܢ ܩܕܵܡ 2003: ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܓܲܘ ܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ: ܡܵܛܹܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠـ (25000) ܢܸܫܡܹ̈ܐ: ܐܸܠܵܐ ܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܪܵܡܙܝܼ ܦܵܩܘܿܕܹ̈ܐ ܘܥܲܠܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܐ ܠـ (10000) ܠܥܲܕ (13000) ܐܲܠܦܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܦܝܵܫܵܐ ܓܲܘ ܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ: ܦܲܠܓܲܝܗܝ ܗܵܠܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܚܵܝܝܼ ܓܲܘ ܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ݂

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[1] ܚܙܝܼ: ܐܵܪܡܝܼܢܝܵܐ: ܐܲܛܠܲܣ ܕܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܐ: ܦ 22 ܘܡܵܦܵܐ ܦ 23: ܛܲܒ݂ܥܵܐ ܕܡܲܒܘܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܡܼܢ ܐܵܡܹܝܪܟܵܐ 2017 ݂

[2] ܡܲܒܘܼܥܵܐ: ܐܝܼܙܓܲܕܘܼܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܓܲܘ ܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ݂

[3] ܚܙܝܼ: ܐܲܒܝܼܕܘܼܬ݂ܐ ܕܥܵܪ̈ܘܿܩܹܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܡܲܫܪ̈ܝܵܬ݂ܐ ܕܐܲܣܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܘܒܹܝܬ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ: ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܡܼܢ ܡܓ݂ܠܬܐ (ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܐ ܕܵܪܵܝܬܐ ܕܐܵܪܸܡܝܼܢܝܵܐ: ܡܢܵܬ݂ܐ 2: 1998: ܪܝܼܡܘܿܢܕ ܐܹܝܟ̰ ܟܝܼܦܘܿܪܟܝܵܐܢ: ܦ 15 ݂

[4] ܡܼܢ ܡܲܘܬܒ݂ܵܐ ܐܸܠܟܸܬܪܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܙܓܲܕܘܼܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܓܲܘ ܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ: ܡܵܨܹܝܚ ܕܩܵܪܹܝܚ ܡܵܐ ܕܒܐܝܼܬܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ: ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1914: ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ (300) ܦܲܪ̈ܨܘܿܦܹܐ ݂ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܦܠܵܫܵܐ ܬܹܒܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܠܥܲܕ 2003: ܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ (3000) ܦܲܪ̈ܨܘܿܦܹܐ ݂ ܒܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܠـ 200 ـ 250 ܝܼܩܪ̈ܵܬ݂ܐ ݂ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܩܵܬ݂ܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܥܹܕܵܬ̈ܐ: ܗܿܝ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܬܐ ܒܫܸܡ (ܣܲܝܕܵܐ ܐܲܠܘܲܪܕܝܼܵܐ) ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܐ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1844: ܘܗܿܝ ܕܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܒܫܸܡ (ܠܸܒܵܐ ܕܝܼܫܘ݁ܥ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ) ܕܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܐ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1937 ݂ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1997 ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ ܡܚܘܼܕܲܬ݂ܬܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܸܣܵܝܬܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܩܵܬ݂ܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܡܼܢ ܥܹܕܵܬ̈ܐ ܛܵܒ݂ ܪ̈ܲܒܹܐ ܕܓܲܘ ܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ݂ ܘܡܲܛܪܵܢ ܥܲܡܵܢܘܼܐܹܝܠ ܕܵܒܲܓ݂ܝܵܐܢ: ܝܼܠܹܗ ܪܹܫ ܐܲܦܸܣܩܘܿܩܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܩܵܬ݂ܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܥܝܼܪܵܐܩ ݂

ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܒܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ 1639 ـ 1640 ܠܦܘܼܬ݂ ܣܘܼܘܵܚܵܐ (مبادرة) ܡܼܢ ܚܲܕ ܐܲܚܝܼܕܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܓܲܘ ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܐ ܕܫܲܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܥܘܿܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܡܘܼܪܵܐܕ ܪܒ݂ܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ ݂ ܘܡܲܒܝܘܿܢܹܐ ܕܗܵܢܵܐ ܐܲܚܝܼܕܵܐ ܕܫܸܡܹܗ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܟܝܼܦܘܿܪܟ ܢܵܙܵܐܪܝܵܐܢ (ܓ݂ܘܿܓ݂ ܢܵܙܵܪ): ܡܛܘܼܐܸܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ ܕܲܘܪܵܐ ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܚܨܵܪܵܐ ܕܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ܘܲܨܦܵܚܬܐ ܥܲܠܠܵܗ̇ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1638 ݂ ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܕܲܡܨܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܕܬܵܒܹܪ ܠܫܘܼܪܵܐ ܕܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܕܓܲܝܣܵܐ ܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܬܚܘܿܬ ܦܵܩܘܿܕܘܼܬܹܗ: ܘܥܵܒܹܪ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܐ ܘܓܵܢܹܒ݂ܠܗ̇ ܘܡܲܚܪܸܒ݂ܠܵܗ̇: ܘܐܝܼܩܵܪܵܐ ܠܗܵܕܹܐ ܢܲܨܝܼܚܘܼܬܐ ܘܙܵܟ݂ܘܼܬ݂ܐ: ܐܸܠܹܗ ܕܵܥܪܵܐ ܛܲܝܒܘܼܬܐ ܕܫܘܼܬܐܵܣܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ) ݂

ܬܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܦܵܪܹܩ ܬܵܡܵܐ: ܐܸܠܵܐ ܡܘܼܝܬܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܗܵܢ ܓܙܝܼܪܵܐ: البطل (40) ܢܸܬ݂ܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܸܝܼܬܹ̈ܐ (رفات) ܡܼܢ ܦܵܠܚܹ̈ܐ ܕܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܪܗܘܿܡܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܬܪܲܥܣܝܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܫܸܪܝܵܐ ܓܲܘ (ܡܲܠܬܝܼܢ) ܒܐܵܪܡܝܼܢܝܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܬܐ (ܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܡܵܠܵܛܝܵܐ ܒܬܘܼܪܟܝܵܐ): ܕܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܚܟܝܼܡܹ̈ܐ ܒܡܲܘܬܐ ܡܼܢ ܩܲܪܬܐ: ܘܫܘܼܠܚܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܓܲܘ ܚܕܵܐ ܒܸܪܟܹܐ ܡܘܼܓܕܲܠܬܐ ܓܲܘ ܣܒܸܣܬܝܵܐ (ܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܣܝܼܘܵܣ ܒܬܘܼܪܟܝܵܐ): ܒܗܿܝ ܕܠܵܐ ܫܒ݂ܝܼܩܵܐ ܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܗܲܝܡܵܢܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܝܬܐ ݂ ܡܘܼܬܸܒ݂ܠܹܗ ܟܝܼܦܘܿܪܟ ܢܵܙܵܐܪܝܵܐܢ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܢܸܬ݂ܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܝܼܬܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܚܲܕ ܟܵܘܹܐ ܒܓܘܼܕܵܐ ܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܠܓܹܒ ܡܲܥܠܵܢܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ) ݂

ܒܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܕ 1967 ـ 1970: ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܚܘܼܕܲܬ݂ܬܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܒܚܵܝܘܿܪܘܼܬܐ ܕܩܵܬ݂ܘܿܠܝܼܟܘܿܣ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܕܡܼܢ ܐܸܫܡܝܼܵܕܙܝܼܢ: ܘܵܣܟܝܼܢ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ: ܘܲܬܚܘܿܬ ܡܫܲܠܛܘܼܬܐ ܕܪܹܫ ܐܲܦܸܣܩܘܿܦܹ̈ܐ ܕܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ܐܲܣܘܿܓ݂ܝܼܩ ܓ݂ܵܙܵܪܝܵܐܢ ݂

ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܫܟܝܼܚܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܗܲܝܟܠܵܐ ܫܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܸܠܥܹ̈ܐ ܚܵܒܹܫ ܢܸܬܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܝܼܬܹ̈ܐ ܕ (ܐܲܪܒܥܝܼܢ ܣܵܗܕܹ̈ܐ ܡܼܢ ܣܒܸܣܬܝܵܐ): ܟܲܕ ܢܩܝܼܫܵܐ ܥܲܠܠܹܗ ܒܐܵܬ݂ܘܵܬ݂ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܵܬ݂ܐ ܒܣܝܼܩܘܿܡ ܕ 1663: ܘܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܡܘܼܕܥܸܪ̈ܐ ܢܸܬ݂ܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܝܼܬܹ̈ܐ ܒܫܲܘܦܲܝܗܝ ܫܸܪܫܵܝܵܐ ݂

ܠܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܥܸܠܠܵܬ݂ܐ: ܒܥܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܝܬܐ ܕܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܙܸܕܩܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܲܬܐܲܣܬܐ ܘܡܵܪܘܼܬܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܘܲܒܙܸܕܩܵܐ ܕܡܵܠܟܵܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ݂ ܘܥܲܡ ܗܵܕܹܐ: ܐܝܼܬ ܦܘܼܫܵܟ݂ܵܐ ܒܐܲܢܲܝ ܡܲܒܘܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܡܼܢ ܓܹܒܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܪܵܐ ܕܗܵܝ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܡܫܲܬܐܸܣܵܢܬܐ ܕܗܵܕܹܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܡܼܢ ܩܕܵܡ ܕܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ݂

ܓܲܘ ܟܬܵܒܹܗ: ܥܹܕܵܬ̈ܐ ܕܒܲܓ݂ܕܵܕ ܘܩܲܨܪ̈ܵܢܵܗ̇: ܐܵܡܹܪ ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܦܲܛܪܘܿܣ ܚܲܕܵܐܕ: ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܐ ܒܹܝܬ 1616 ـ 1628: ܩܕܵܡ (10) ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܡܼܢ ܫܘܼܬܐܵܣܵܗ̇ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1639 ܠܦܘܼܬ݂ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܝܬܐ ݂

ܒܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܥܘܼܬ݂ܡܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܘܼܓܪܸܫܠܹܗ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܠܐܲܪܒܥܵܐ ܕܵܪܹ̈ܐ: ܠܗܲܠ ܢܦܵܠܬܐ ܕܐܸܡܒܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܐ ܒܫܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܕܵܪܵܐ ܕܥܸܣܪܝܼܢ: ܚܙܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܪܵܒܵܐ ܥܲܣ̈ܩܵܬ݂ܐ: ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܟܒ݂ܝܼܫܬܐ ܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܡܼܢ ܚܕܵܐ ܓܵܗܵܐ: ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܚܘܼܪܲܪܬܐ ܐܲܘ ܡܘܼܕܥܲܪܬܐ ܒܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܕܙܘܼܙܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܘܲܠܗܵܫܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܕܘܼܪܵܫܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܥܸܪܵܗ̇ ܠܗܿܘ ܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܗܸܒ݂ܠܹܗ ܚܕܵܐ ܟܡܵܝܘܼܬܐ ܒܸܫ ܪܲܒܬܐ ܡܼܢ ܙܘܼܙܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܒܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܲܣܲܐܬܐ ܙܟܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܫܠܝܼܚܵܝܬܐ ܥܲܠ ܚܘܼܫܒܵܢܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ݂ ܐܵܪܵܐ ܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܫܘܼܥܝܼܬܐ ܐܲܘ ܣܛܘܿܪܬܐ (إسطورة) ܥܲܡܡܵܝܬܐ ܐܲܘ ܠܵܐ ؟ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܝܲܘܡܵܢܵܐ: ܠܲܝܬ ܟܘܼܬܵܫܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܙܸܕܩܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܘܼܬܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܠܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ: ܒܲܠ ܡܵܢܝܼ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܡܫܲܪܝܵܢܵܐ ܒܲܒܢܵܝܬܵܗ̇ ܐܲܘ ܡܫܲܬܐܲܣܬܵܗ̇ ؟

ܘܲܚܙܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܚܘܼܕܵܬܹ̈ܐ ܘܫܘܼܓ݂݇ܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܬܢܵܝܬܐ ܡܸܬ݂ܝܲܒܠܵܢܬܐ (متعاقبة)ܕܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ: ܘܝܲܬܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬ ܒܕܵܪܵܐ ܬܫܲܥܣܝܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܘܐܵܦ ܒܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܵܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ݂ ܘܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܬܸܢܝܵܐ ܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܗ̇ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ ܕ 1967 ـ 1970: ܘܡܲܒܝܘܿܢܹܐ ܡܛܘܼܠܸܩܠܵܗ̇ ܕܪܝܼܓ݂ܵܐܝܼܬ ܠܒܲܨܡܵܗ̇ ܫܸܪܫܵܝܵܐ ݂

ܢܵܦܠܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܓܲܘ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܲܫܪܝܼܬܐ ܟܘܿܦܵܢܬܐ ܟܪܝܼܟ݂ܬܐ ܒܚܲܕ ܓܘܼܕܵܐ: ܥܵܠܹܐ ܠܲܫܩܵܩܘܿܢܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܨܠܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ ܦܲܪܙܠܵܝܵܐ ܡܼܢ ܐܵܕܫܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܵܐ ݂ ܘܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܒܲܥܒ݂ܵܪܬܐ ܘܲܦܣܵܥܬܐ ܕܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܡܲܥܠܵܢܵܐ: ܐܝܼܬ ܚܕܵܐ ܕܵܪܬܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܬܐ ܡܵܬܚܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܝܘܼܪܟ݂ܵܐ ܕܦܵܬܐ ܓܲܪܒܝܵܝܬܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ: ܕܐܝܼܬ ܒܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܗ̇ ܒܘܼܪܓܵܐ ܕܙܲܓܵܐ ܡܵܪܹܐ ܟܣܵܝܵܐ ܕܪܹܫܵܐ ܒܲܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܸܠܥܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܘܲܕܠܵܐ ܐܸܣܛܘܼܟ݂ܣܵܐ ܨܘܼܒܵܬܵܝܵܐ: ܡܛܲܦܸܣ ܒܘܼܪܓܵܐ ܕܙܲܓܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ: ܬܲܦܢܟ݂ܵܐ ܠܣܘܼܟܵܡܵܐ (تصميم) ܐܲܘ ܬܘܼܩܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܵܐ ݂ ܚܲܪܬܐ ܒܸܕ ܡܵܛܹܝܚ ܠܕܵܪܬܐ ܓܵܘܵܝܬܐ ܪܘܝܼܚܬܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܚܵܕܹܪܘܵܢܵܗ̇: ܥܹܕܬܐ ܘܐܵܘܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ ݂

ܡܼܢ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܕܵܪܬܐ: ܟܹܐ ܡܲܒܝܸܢ ܣܘܼܟܵܡܵܐ ܐܵܪܕܟ݂ܠܵܝܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ) ܒܚܲܕ ܙܢܵܐ ܓܸܠܝܵܐ: ܛܝܼܢܵܐ ܡܒܘܼܫܠܵܐ (ܠܸܒ݂ܢܹ̈ܐ) ܘܲܫܡܸܢܬܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܡܘܼܦܠܚܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܡܚܲܕܲܬ݂ܬܐ ܕܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ݂

ܩܪܵܫܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܒܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܹܗ: ܬܪܵܨܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܡܼܢ ܐܲܪܒܥܵܐ ܩܘܼܒܵܬܹ̈ܐ ܡܸܬܩܲܛܥܵܢܹ̈ܐ: ܒܫܘܼܠܵܡܲܝܗܝ ܐܝܼܬ ܟܵܘܵܬ݂̈ܐ ܦܲܠܓܘܿ ܚܘܼܕܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ݂ ܘܐܝܼܬ ܒܪܹܫ ܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܡܩܲܕܫܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܩܘܼܒܬܐ ܡܵܪܹܐ ܬܡܵܢܝܵܐ ܐܸܠܥܹ̈ܐ: ܡܛܲܦܣܵܐ ܐܘܼܡܵܢܘܼܬܐ ܕܡܲܚܵܪܘܼܬܐ ܬܲܘܕܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܬܐ ܕܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ: ܒܵܬܪܵܗ̇ ܐܝܼܬ ܚܲܕ ܡܵܐܢܵܐ ܕܟܵܪܹܟ݂ ܒܓܘܼܪܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܥܡܘܿܕܝܼܬܐ: ܘܲܒܹܝܬ ܐܲܪ̈ܟܹܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ݂

ܠܲܥܒ݂ܵܪܵܐ ܠܥܹܕܬܐ: ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܦܵܣܥܲܚ ܘܥܵܒ݂ܪܲܚ ܡܼܢ ܚܲܕ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ (ܓ̰ܵܡܵܕܘܿܢ): ܕܐܝܼܬ ܒܪܹܫܹܗ ܚܕܵܐ ܩܘܼܒܬܐ ܣܲܓܲܝ̈ ܐܸܠܥܹ̈ܐ: ܒܸܕ ܚܵܙܹܝܚ ܚܲܕ ܫܩܵܩܘܿܢܵܐ ܣܟܝܼܪܵܐ: ܡܲܠܗܝܼ ܓܵܘܹܗ ܡܗܘܼܡܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܦܘܼܢܕܹ̈ܐ ܕܢܸܕܪܵܐ ݂ ܡܼܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܥܒ݂ܵܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܗܿܘ ܬܲܪܥܵܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܵܐ (ܓ̰ܵܡܵܕܘܿܢ): ܒܸܕ ܡܵܛܹܐ ܐ݇ܢܵܫܵܐ ܠܥܹܕܬܐ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܕܲܡܢܵܬ݂ܐ ܒܲܪܵܝܬܐ ܕܗܲܝܟܠܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ: ܡܼܢ ܠܬܲܚܬ ܕܒܹܝܡܵܐ ܕܡܲܟܪܸܙ ܥܲܠܠܹܗ ܟܵܗܢܐ ܐܲܘ ܓܒܲܪ ܬܲܘܕܝܼܬܐ ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܩܘܼܕܵܫܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܵܐ ݂

ܠܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܐܝܼܬ ܚܲܕ ܗܲܝܟܠܵܐ ܝܼܚܝܼܕܵܝܵܐ: ܘܐܝܼܬ ܒܹܗ ܢܸܩܒܹ̈ܐ ܓܹܒܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܙܝܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܘ ܓܘܼܕܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܚܵܒ݂ܫܝܼ ܨܠܝܼܒ݂ܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܟܹܐܦܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܘܲܨܠܵܘܵܬ݂ܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܗ݇ܘܿܢ ܢܩܝܼܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܟܬܝܼܒܹ̈ܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܵܐ: ܘܲܚܕܵܐ ܡܸܢܲܝܗܝ ܛܵܥܢܵܐ ܣܝܼܩܘܿܡܵܐ ܕ 1750 ݂

ܐܝܼܬ ܚܲܕ ܣܸܟܪܵܐ ܐܲܘ ܣܝܵܓ݂ܵܐ ܦܲܪܙܠܵܝܵܐ ܕܦܵܪܹܫ ܗܲܝܟܠܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܡܼܢ ܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ ܡܩܲܕܫܵܐ: ܗܵܢܵܐ ܦܵܐܹܫ ܡܛܲܟܣܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܡܢܵܘܵܬ݂ܐ ܡܸܬܦܲܪ̈ܫܵܢܹܐ ܘܡܸܬܓܲܡܪ̈ܵܢܹܐܲ ܒܚܲܕ ܙܢܵܐ ܕܲܡܝܲܩܸܪ ܠܡܲܚܵܪܘܼܬܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܬܐ ܡܩܲܕܲܫܬܐ ݂ ܡܢܵܬ݂ܐ ܬܲܚܬܵܝܬܐ ܦܬܝܼܚܬܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܩܵܐ ܡܗܘܼܡܢܹ̈ܐ ܒܥܸܕܵܢ ܙܘܼܝܵܚܹ̈ܐ ܒܐ݇ܪ̈ܵܙܹܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܡܢܵܬܵܐ ܥܸܠܵܝܬܐ: ܕܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܚܲܕ ܣܸܬܪܵܐ ܣܡܘܿܩܵܐ ܡܣܲܩܠܵܐ (ܡܨܲܒܬܐ) ܒܚܲܕ ܨܠܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ: ܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܡܢܵܬ݂ܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܬܐ ܩܵܐ ܟܵܗܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܫܲܡܵܫܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܡܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܩܘܼܕܵܫܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܵܐ ݂ ܘܥܲܠ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܒܹܝܡܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܡܲܕܒܚܵܐ ܡܵܪܹܐ ܕܲܪ̈ܓܹܐ ܡܫܲܚܠܦܹ̈ܐ ݂

ܕܠܵܐ ܦܘܼܫܵܟ݂ܵܐ: ܗܿܘ ܡܵܐܢܐ (وعاء) ܕܚܵܒܹܫ ܢܸܬܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܝܼܬܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܘ ܚܢܵܢܹ݁̈ܐ ܡܩܲܕܫܹ̈ܐ ܕ (ܐܲܪܒܥܝܼܢ ܣܵܗܕܹ̈ܐ ܡܼܢ ܣܒܸܣܬܝܵܐ): ܝܼܠܹܗ ܣܝܼܡܬܐ ܘܓܲܙܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ) ݂ ܢܵܦܹܠ ܗܵܢ ܡܵܐܢܵܐ ܓܲܘ ܚܲܕ ܩܸܛܥܵܐ ܡܼܢ ܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܚܕܵܐ ܬܵܪܲܥܬܐ ܕܲܗܒ݂ܵܢܝܼܬܐ ܘܲܡܨܲܒܲܬܬܐ: ܟܲܕ ܢܩܝܼܫܵܐ ܥܲܠܠܹܗ ܢܸܩܫܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸ̈ܡܢܵܝܹܐ ܕܵܥܪܝܼ ܠܣܝܼܩܘܿܡ ܕ 1663 ݂

ܐܵܬܝܼ ܡܗܘܼܡܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܚܲܓܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܣܵܥܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ ܠܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܠܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܠܲܡܝܲܩܘܿܪܹܐ ܐܲܢܲܝ̈ ܣܵܗܕܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ: ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܝܼܠܹܗ ܫܲܩܨܵܐ (ܡܲܣܥܪܵܐ) ܠܡܵܪܬܝ ܡܲܪܝܲܡ ܒܬܘܼܠܬܐ: ܕܐܵܬܝܼ ܐܸܠܹܗ ܘܣܵܥܪܝܼ ܠܹܗ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܡܼܢ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܡܲܫܠܡܢܹ̈ܐ ܥܝܼܪ̈ܵܩܵܝܹܐ ݂ ܒܝܲܘܡܵܐ ܕ 15 ܐܵܒ ܡܼܢ ܟܠ ܫܲܢ݇ܬܐ: ܡܵܠܝܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܕܣܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܐܲܣܕܒ݂ܵܕܙܵܕܙܝܼܢ (ܝܵܠܕܲܬ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܐ ـ ܡܸܣܟܹ̇ܢܬܐ): ܣܵܥܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܗܘܼܡܢܹ̈ܐ ݂ ܒܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܵܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ: ܩܝܼܡܠܹܗ ܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܡܢܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܒܢܵܝܬܐ ܕܒܸܢܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܚܲܕܬܹ̈ܐ ܚܕܵܪ̈ܲܝ ܥܹܕܬܐ ܠܡܲܙܝܘܿܕܹܐ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܣܵܥܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ: ܘܐܵܦ ܕܵܪܬܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܘܼܪܘܲܚܬܐ ܘܲܡܣܘܼܩܲܠܬܐ ݂